Acid reflux riddle solved: what causes it?

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Edit: likely actually haemophilus influenzae and cured with taking echinacea powder. Porphyromonas gingivalis.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/307177.php

This bacteria is easily killed quickly with garlic (supplements or raw or cooked) but make sure to use potassium bicarbonate to neutralize the acid first.

H pylori causes non-acidic reflux GERD.  But the addition of P. Gingivalis causes excess acid to be produced and erosion of the esophagus.

Hydroxyl Radical Electrochemical cell battery ("Vim Vitae Generator")

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The hydroxyl radical battery is any device which utilizes a hydroxyl radical to create a potential energy or voltage.  The hydroxyl radical would likely need to be generated in real time as it is unstable.  The system can be aqueous or non aqueous but aqueous is preferred.

Any means to create this radical can be used but preferably we would use a biomimetic system that works how mammalian energy production works in order to create a sustainable system.  This is to use hydrogen peroxide and/or oxygen in combination with a catalyst to produce the hydroxyl radical.  Any catalyst or source of hydrogen peroxide or oxygen or air can be used or any other peroxide.  Preferably we would use a catalyst containing iron (II or III).  Iron (II) reacts with hydrogen peroxide forming Iron (III) and hydroxyl radical.  Iron (III) then reacts again with hydrogen peroxide forming Iron (II) again.  Another thing that can be done in this system is to supply something that can preferentially reduce Iron (III) to Iron (II) without consuming a hydrogen peroxide molecule.  Bicarbonate may be one such thing that can be used for this.  The iron atom can be free or bound to a structure.  In mammalian biology this structure is heme inside red blood cells.  Any structure to hold the iron atom is sufficient but not required.  For ease of use, power, and biodegradability EDDS can be used.  Acetic acid or citric acid or edta etc. can also be used.  Iron sulfides can also be used.  Anything can be used to sequester and/or improve the properties of the iron.  The structure can also fulfill any function including but not limited to aid in filtration or create a high surface area structure or keep the iron stationary or sequestered or stabilize oxidation states or facilitate oxidation or reduction.  The structure can be organic, inorganic, synthetic, or a combination.  It can be applied or deposited by any method to one or both sides of the membrane or create the membrane, etc.

In any kind of cell we need an oxidizing aspect and a reducing aspect.  The oxidizing aspect is hydroxyl radical fully or in part with other oxidizing agents.  The reducing aspect can be any reducing agent but preferably in an aqueous system; a reducing acid.  Most preferably formic acid or acetic acid or lactic acid or oxalic  acid or any combination etc.  Ideally formic acid will be used fully or in part at any concentration preferably at high concentration.  Hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide or -SH could also be used completely or in part.  Any means of generating any of these outside or inside the cell can be used.

Separating the oxidizing and reducing aspects of the cell can be anything that can achieve any sort of ion flow while keeping the solutions somewhat separated.  This separation need not be physical but can be based on the properties of the oxidizing and reducing aspects themselves like density, miscibility, solubility, etc.  There can be one or more than one separation.  Ideally a proton transfer membrane would be used allowing the H+ ions from the formic acid to flow through such as Nafion.

The formic acid hydroxyl radical flow battery: a biomimetic batterydesign (FAFB)

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This is an open source patent and can be used by anyone to make a profit and/or change the world.

This electrochemical generator can be referred to as the radical generator, formic acid battery or any other term.

****Results: formic acid (95%) and hydrogen peroxide (35%) with paper separator 0.6 volts.  Acetic acid (99%) and hydrogen peroxide (35%) with paper separator 0.3 volts.  Sodium bicarbonate added to peroxide reduced voltage :(.  Hopefuly with a better membrane we will have better results.

Upon further study it looks like a iron 2 catalyst is needed to convert hydrogen peroxide to OH hydroxyl radical in a fenton type reaction which is enhanced by bicarbonate.

****

The formic acid flow battery uses formic acid (or any reducing acid, formic acid being the most preferable, acetic acid also good), hydrogen peroxide (or any peroxide, hydrogen peroxide being the most preferable), a catalyst (such as but not limited to any iron 2 or 3 containing molecule or compound or ion or atom), and optionally bicarbonate ions (or carbonate or carbonic acid or co2; bicarbonate being the most preferable- or any other additive that helps spare h2o2 in the regeneration of the catalyst).  It is believed that the hydrogen peroxide and catalyst form a hydroxyl radical.  Bicarbonate is thought to help improve the conversion efficiency or most probably to help the regeneration of iron 3 back into iron 2 but can be added for any other use as well.  Any other additives can be added as well to improve the cell in any way as long as the cell is producing hydroxyl radical.  The "bicarbonate" (or any previously mentioned alternative or combination) can be isolated or have alkali or alkaline counter ions or molecules like ammonia or combinations such as sodium or potassium or lithium or ammonia etc.  This isolation can be done inside or outside the battery or cell if desired.  One way (but not limited to) this can be done is with membranes and electrical potential

The solutions can be at any pressure including evaporated all the way (vapor phase, even plasma) to high pressure liquids, to solids.  Preferably probably at standard pressure for best practicality.  The solutions or cell or battery can be at any temperature, preferably probably around room temperature or body temperature 37 deg C for greatest practicality.  The liquids can be aqueous or non aqueous with any other additives desired for any purpose such as to improve power density, efficiency, practicality, membrane functionality, creation of the active molecules/compounds, etc.

The battery can either be recharged directly or the solutions replaced or a combination of these.  The battery can have single or multiple cells in series or parallel or combination; in any number or configuration; large or small.  The battery can be used for any use including but not limited to stationary or mobile power storage or generation, automotive applications, personal transportation, powering biologically interfacing devices, etc.

Ideally any separator of any material, shape, or surface area, including multiple layers with any spacing between; including most preferable a polymer membrane between the two solutions would keep the formate ion from crossing and only allow H+ to cross such as in a formic acid fuel cell.  A nafion type membrane would be a very preferable separator.  To make a biomimetic design there could be two membranes with an intermembrane space where bicarbonate/h2o2/h2co4/hco4 could cross from one side and H+ can cross from the other side; but this is not necessary.

Ideally the separator or polymer membrane would also only allow h2o2 and bicarbonate ion to cross from the other side; either separate or as an intermediate such as peroxycarbonate or peroxybicarbonate such as HCO4 or H2CO4; or not allow these ions to cross at all and only allow H+ to cross.

The "peroxycarbonate" (which will be used to imply any such item or combination as laid out above) would be the oxidizing agent on one side and "formic acid" as the reducing agent on the other side.

Each cell can have multiple membranes instead of just one if desired, for example but not limited to this; hydrogen peroxide linked to bicarbonate by a membrane and the bicarbonate linked to formic acid by a membrane.  Also multiple membranes can be use to separate counter ions like potassium from the bicarbonate ions or separate hydrogens from the formate ion.  Any number and in any format in 3 dimensional space can membranes or dividers be used.

The membrane can have any composition but most preferably it would only allow hydrogen ions and peroxy(bi)carbonate intermediates to cross or only hydrogen ions to cross.  Still very preferable would be if it allowed hydrogen ions, bicarbonate ions, and hydrogen peroxide to cross.  Less preferably but still reasonably it would allow anything to cross.  Things can cross directionally, bidirectionally, or omnidirectional; directional being most preferable.  Active transport of the ions or passive transport can be used.  Different solubility and/or density electrolytes could even be used so that no membrane or separator is needed.

Any current collectors or electrodes can be used but preferably noble type metals.  Copper and germanium can also be used as anode material and may make the battery into a hybrid of what is known as a "noble metal battery" which I have described in previous inventions.  Also any reducing gasses like hydrogen on the anode side and any oxidizing gasses like oxygen and nitrous oxide and co2 to the cathode side can be sparged or pressurized or otherwise added in as well making this a hybrid fuel cell.  Adding other molecules or materials to the anode or cathode side as catylysts for any purpose can also be done; including but not limited to photoreceptive compounds on the anode side to make this into a hybrid solar cell; or catalysts to convert oxygen or "air" into hydrogen peroxide, or creating bicarbonate with co2 and a alkali or alkaline metal and an electrical current or any other method.  These things laid out above can be done for any purpose such as recharging, adding additional power etc.  Also palladium or a palladium alloy of 0-100% palladium and any other metal or material may be an ideal material on the anode side since it is good at capturing hydrogen from "formic acid" (quotes used because any reducing acid or combination of reducing acids can be used).  For the cathode a most preferable material may be iridium or an iridium alloy 0-100%.  This is because iridium is the material most resistant to oxidation.  Other noble metals like rhenium, osmium, platinum, gold, ruthenium, etc. can be used as well as refractory metals like zirconium, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, etc, can be used as well.  Any alloy as well.

The casing can be any material including but not limited to membranes, plastics, metals, etc.  It can be conducting or non-conducting but preferably non conducting.

The final active products h2o2/bicarbonate (or some type of peroxy(bi)carbonate) and H+ ion can be produced by any method and delivered by any method including but not limited to being produced in the battery itself via any method or produced externally and added into the battery automatically or manually.  The solutions can be dumped out of the battery if desired or recycled or recharged with or without dumping.  The solutions can be moved to other areas of the battery or outside the battery for any reason.  Any type of recharging or reforming the solutions can be done by natural (such as but not limited to enzymatically or biologically) or artificial means.

How to heal a sprain: MCL, ankle, knee etc.

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First of all we have to attack the microbes that tend to be in the area.  If you are someone who wakes up too early they you are likely high in streptococcus and can benefit from adaptogens.  If you have trouble falling asleep you are likely high in proteus and can benefit from eucalyptus essential oil.

Now there are 3 more ingredients.  Ice obviously as a natural anti-inflamatory.

The last part is to take 2 tsp of potassium bicarbonate in water per day internally and apply a bragg's vinegar compress.  To best do this get a towel damp in vinegar and wrap on the effected area and wrap cellophane around that.  

The human body is a bicarbonate-acid battery and taking bicarbonate internally and applying vinegar externally charges up this healing battery.

Rechargeable CO2 Formic Acid flow battery; metabolic biological batteryopen source patent

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*This flow battery is probaby most preferable to run as a hybrid fuel cell by sparging oxygen into the bicarbonate side and hydrogen into the formic acid side as this will help keep the voltage constant and also probably help with recharging.  At a minimum there would probably need to be an oxidizer constantly added whether that be air/co2/oxygen/nitrous/h2o2 in order to maintain a maximal voltage.*

This battery is very similar to the volcano battery but is a little more sophisticated and can be recharged not just the liquids refreshed to charge it.  Inthis case we are using either carbonic acid or alkali/alkaline bicarbonate and the other isde is formic acid.  The two sides are separated by a flow battery membrane.  The membrane ideally will only allow H+ ions (reducing equivalents) to cross from the formic acid (reducing) side into the co2 (oxidizing) side just like how biological organisms do it.

For example lets say the oxidizing side is carbonic acid or carbonate/bicarbonate ion and the reducing side is formic acid.  When the battery is depleted both sides would be carbonic acid (possibly because co2 is pressurized over the liquid).  A voltage can then be applied across the terminals and (with the help of a catalyst if desired) what happens is on the negative terminal formic acid is formed since co2 plus hydrogen ions plus electrons creates formic acid.  The hydrogen ions come from the water as co2 dissolved in water liberates hydrogen ions from the water.  On the other side you have carbonic acid/bicarbonate/carbonate ion (depending on how many protons you used up from making the formic acid and what pressure of co2 is above the liquid).

So in conclusion you have water or any suitable liquid.  You dissolve co2 in it (with or without sodium or potassium or whatever) under pressure and you have carbonic acid (or a bicarbonate in the case you used alkali/alkaline counter ion).  You now electrolyze the solution (still under co2 pressure if desired) to have formic acid form on one side and carbonic acid/bicarbonate on the other.  This is your Rechargable metabolic flow battery (RMFB) or rechargable biological flow battery (RBFB), formic flow battery (FFB), CO2 flow battery (CFB); whatever you wish to call it.

This technology can be used by itself or in combination with anode/cathode metals and/or in combination with sparged gasses.  Using all the above would make this a flow battery/regular battery/fuel cell hybrid/tribrid.

Volcano Battery: Baking soda and vinegar flow battery open source patent

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*With standard vinegar and dilute potassium bicarbonate I get .16 volts per cell with vinegar bieng the + charge.  With hydrogen peroxide and vinegar I get 0.36 volts per cell with hydrogen peroxide bieng the + charge. With sodium hydroxide and vinegar I get 0.5 volts.  With sodium hydroxide and dilute hcl I get 0.36 volts.  Membrane is paper so that may effect things and artifically lower hcl figures since it dissolves paper. Dilute phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide 0.48 volts.  In these acid/sodium hydroxide experiments adding hydrogen peroxide to either side lowered the voltage.  Still need to try formic acid and hydroiodic acid.  My steel probes are corroding so some of this voltage may be iron/iron oxide!  Needs more testing.  Yes it was contamination with good probes vinegar sodium hydroxide was .18 and phosphoric acid sodium hydroxide was ~0.*

This technology can be used by itself or in combination with anode/cathode metals and/or in combination with sparged gasses.  Using all the above would make this a flow battery/regular battery/fuel cell hybrid/tribrid.Well after a log time stumbling around trying to find a cheap easy and unique battery I made my way to flow batteres.  No electrodes to worry about which is very nice and no exotic gasses needed like the nitrous, oxygen, hydrogen (at very least air) to worry about.  In a flow battery all you have to worry about is pumping liquids which is easier that sparging with gasses.  So I realized instead of these exotic liquids they are trying to use in flow batteries like ionic lithium, why not just use some cheap and easy oxidizers and reducing agents?  Then I realized something I had known for a long time, our bodies are actually flow batteries!  Before I thought our bodies were flow batteries that used iron in heme as the oxidizing agent but now after trying out another "exotic material" called baking soda, I realized the iron is not needed.  How the body works and the premise of the volcano battery is the body works by oxidizing hydrogen ions (that were produced as an end-product of metabolism) with bicarbonate ion (which is produced in the red blood cell.  When these two neutralize eachother they release energy which is captured in the iron atom in heme I believe.  Since we will have metal current collectors in our volcano battery we won't need this iron to capture our released electrons; we will be able to use them directly.  It would be a good idea to charge up capacitors though probably.

The body uses single hydrogen ions and single bicarbonate ions because it is a boss.  This means there is no counter ions like sodium and acetate to worry about gumming up the works.  But in our case we are not going to have hydrogen ion transporters like the body does so we need to compromise.  We can use a reducing acid like acetic acid (vinegar), formic acid (from ants), or oxalic acid (end product of metabolism).  For our oxidizer we can use baking soda or potassium bicarbonate or any type of peroxide like hydrogen peroxide.  Since the body uses bicarbonate (mabye in conjunction with some oxidizing metal ions) I think bicarbonate would be a great bet.  Also since vinegar is really cheap I think that would be a good bet too (but if you like farming ants you know what is even better than vinegar...;).

Also you can add a fuel cell to this setup by just sparging the bicarbonate side with oxygen/nitrous and the acid side with hydrogen.  Doing this will add about 0.7 volts per cell.

Now the hardest part of all this is the mechanical design as well as the membrane.  The membrane should be permeable enough to allow good ion flow between the bicarbonate and acid but not enough flow to allow super fast mixing.  Ultimatly both sides will ecome sodium acetate or sodium formate or whatever and the battery will pee that out and need to be refilled.  You can't charge this the traditional way.

This is 100% renewable and harmless.  You can make the bicarbonate solution by electrolyzing salt water and then pressurizing co2 into it.  You canmake vinegar  from fermenting sugar or ethanol or by reacting carbon monoxide with methanol.  Or you can distill ants to get the even better formic acid ;).

I'm not sure if the surface area of the metallic current collectors matter but may as well try a silver, nickel or copper mesh.  Possibly more noble metals will help improve voltage even more, it is worth a shot. If they do then you will want to select rhenium or iridium as those are #2 and #1 in my tests before.

This technology can be used by itself or in combination with anode/cathode metals and/or in combination with sparged gasses.  Using all the above would make this a flow battery/regular battery/fuel cell hybrid/tribrid.